c program bubble sort

c program to implement bubble sort. Sorting refers to the operation of rearranging the element. Bubble sort algorithm requires n-1 passes, where n is the number of input items. Here is the c program for bubble sort. The bubble sort gets its name because elements tend to move up into the correct order like bubbles rising to the surface.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int main( )
{
 int a[100];
 int i, j, temp, n ;
 printf("how many numbers you want to sort : \n");
 scanf("%d",&n);
 printf("Enter %d number values you want to sort\n", n);
 for(j=0; j<n; j++)
 scanf("%d",&a[j]);
 for(j=1;j<n;j++)
 {
            for(i=0; i<n; i++)
            {
                      if(a[i]>a[i+1])
                      {
                                temp=a[i];
                                a[i]=a[i+1];
                                a[i+1]=temp;
                      }
            }
     }
     printf ( "\n\nArray after sorting:\n") ;
     for ( i = 0 ; i <n ; i++ )
     printf ( "%d\t", a[i] ) ;
     getch();
}

output:

c program to implement bubble sort

Use of Bubble sort :Bubble sort is simple and so it is often used to introduce the concept of sorting algorithm, to introductory computer science students.

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c program to implement dfa

C program of dfa implementation. Let us first know what is DFA or let us again revise the concept of DFA? Automation are basically language acceptor or language
recognizer. A finite automata is a collection of 5-tuple(Q,∑,∂,q0,F). Where
Q=finite set of states
∑=input symbol
∂=transition function
q0=initial state
F=set of final state


Here is the c program to implement dfa

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int ninputs;

int check(char,int );          //function declaration
int dfa[10][10];
char c[10], string[10];
int main()
{
    int nstates, nfinals;
    int f[10];
    int i,j,s=0,final=0;
    printf("enter the number of states that your dfa consist of \n");
    scanf("%d",&nstates);
    printf("enter the number of input symbol that dfa have \n");
    scanf("%d",&ninputs);
    printf("\nenter input symbols\t");
    for(i=0; i<ninputs; i++)
    {
     printf("\n\n %d input\t", i+1);
     printf("%c",c[i]=getch());
    }
    printf("\n\nenter number of final states\t");
    scanf("%d",&nfinals);
  
    for(i=0;i<nfinals;i++)
    {
      printf("\n\nFinal state %d : q",i+1);
      scanf("%d",&f[i]);
    }
    
    
     printf("-----------------------------------------------------------------------");
     printf("\n\ndefine transition rule as (initial state, input symbol ) = final state\n");
     for(i=0; i<ninputs; i++)
     {
              for(j=0; j<nstates; j++)
              {
                       printf("\n(q%d , %c ) = q",j,c[i]);
                       scanf("%d",&dfa[i][j]);
              }
     }
    
     do
     {
     i=0;
     printf("\n\nEnter Input String.. ");
     scanf("%s",string);
  
    while(string[i]!='\0')
        if((s=check(string[i++],s))<0)
        break;
        for(i=0 ;i<nfinals ;i++)
        if(f[i] ==s )
        final=1;
           if(final==1)
        printf("\n valid string");
        else
        printf("invalid string");
       getch();
  
    printf("\nDo you want to continue.?  \n(y/n) ");
     }
     while(getch()=='y');
      
    getch();
}

int check(char b,int d)
{
    int j;
    for(j=0; j<ninputs; j++)
    if(b==c[j])
    return(dfa[d][j]);
    return -1;   
}

       
 output :

c program to implement dfa

 The above output is for the dfa to check whether the given binary number is even.
Its DFA is made as follows :

DFA: To check whether the given number is even

and its table is made as :

States-Input	0	1
q0	q2	q1
q1	q2	q1
q2	q2	q1

Uses of DFA:  The very good example of finite state system is a control mechanism of elevator. It is very good tool for the programs such as text editors and lexical analyzer.
Thanks.

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C program to find factorial of a number using recursion

Factorial is mostly used in calculting permutation and combination. Factorial sign is '!' i.e exclamatory mark.
For eg 4! can be calculated as : 4!=4*3*2*1=24. Here the c program to calculate factorial using recursion function.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int recfact(int);

main( )
{
int a, fact, rec ;
printf ( "\nEnter any number " ) ;
scanf ( "%d", &a ) ;
rec = recfact ( a ) ;
printf ( "Factorial value = %d", fact ) ;
getch();
}
int recfact( int x )
{
int f ;
if ( x == 1 )
return ( 1 ) ;
else
f = x * recfact ( x - 1 ) ;
return ( f ) ;
}

Output :

c program to find factorial using recursion

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C program to find factorial of a number

C program to calculate factorial of a number :
For an integer n greater than or equal to 1, the factorial is the product of all integers less than
or equal to n but greater than or equal to 1. The factorial value of 0 is defined as equal to 1.
The factorial values for negative integers are not defined.
For eg : factorial of 5 i.e 5!=5*4*3*2*1=120.


#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int fact(int );

int main( )
{
int a, f ;
printf ( "\nEnter any number " ) ;
scanf ( "%d", &a ) ;
f = fact ( a ) ;
printf ( "Factorial value = %d", f ) ;
getch();
}

int fact ( int x )
{
int f = 1, i ;
for ( i = x ; i >= 1 ; i-- )
f = f * i ;
return ( f ) ;
}

Output :

C program to find factorial. 

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c program return statement returns more than one value

This program makes a contrasting concept that how a return statement
can return more than one value. Usually in C programming we make a call by value.
This means that in general you cannot alter the actual arguments. But if
desired, it can always be achieved through a call by reference.
Using a call by reference intelligently we can make a function
return more than one value at a time, which is not possible
ordinarily. This is shown in the program given below.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int areaperi ( int r, float *a, float *p )
{
*a = 3.14 * r * r ;
*p = 2 * 3.14 * r ;
return (0);
}

int main( )
{
int radius ;
float area, perimeter ;
printf ( "\nEnter radius of a circle " ) ;
scanf ( "%d", &radius ) ;
areaperi ( radius, &area, &perimeter ) ;
printf ( "Area = %f", area ) ;
printf ( "\nPerimeter = %f", perimeter ) ;
getch();
}

Output :

C porgram to return more than one value.

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c program to implement Heap sort Algorithm

Before going through this program. Read this for better understanding of program.“Consider the complete tree H. Observe that H is a heap. H is represented in array TREE. That is, TREE[1] is the root of the tree H, and the left and right children of node TREE[k] are, respectively, TREE[2k] and TREE[2k+1]. This means that in particular, that the parent of any non root node TREE[j] is the node TREE[j/2](where j/2 means integer division). Observe that the nodes of H on the same level appear one after the other in the array TREE”.

Write a program to apply heap sort algorithm ?

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int main()
{
      int TREE[10],N,i,j,K,p,c,temp;
      printf("\n\n Enter no of elements..");
      scanf("%d",&N);
      printf("\n\n Enter the nos..");
      for(i=1;i<=N;i++)
      scanf("%d",&TREE[i]);
      for(i=2;i<=N;i++)
      {
    K=i;
    do
    {
         if(TREE[K]>TREE[K/2])                        // Values are inserted in the heap
                {
                      temp=TREE[K];
        TREE[K]=TREE[K/2];
        TREE[K/2]=temp;
         }
            p=K/2;
            K=p;
           }
      while(K!=0);
      }
      printf("\n\n\n On inserting values are arranged as \n");
      for(i=1;i<=N;i++)                                // Displaying values in heap
      printf("%d\t",TREE[i]);
 
      for(j=N;j>0;j--)
      {
     temp=TREE[1];
     TREE[1]=TREE[j];
     TREE[j]=temp;
     p=0;
     do
            {                                            // Heap sorting is applied
    c=2*p+2;
    if((TREE[c]<TREE[c+1]) && c<j-1)
                  c++;
    if(TREE[p]<TREE[c] && c<j)
                  {
          temp=TREE[p];
          TREE[p]=TREE[c];
                 TREE[c]=temp;
    }
    p=c;
     }while(c<(j+1));
      }
      printf("\n\n\n The sorted nos are..");
      for(i=1;i<=N;i++)                         // printing the heap in sorted order
      printf("%d\t",TREE[i]);
      getch();
}

Output :

Output : C program for Heap sort 

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c program to print n numbers without using loop

This program will print the n numbers without using any loop. Here we uses the concept of recursion. Lets See the program
to make clear view that how recursion works.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

void print(int p)
{
  if(p>0)
  {
    print(p-1);                    // recursive call;
    printf("\n\n %d \t", p);
  }
  return;
}

int main()
{
  int n;
  printf("enter the number\n\n");
  scanf("%d",&n);                  // number to which you wnat to print
  print(n);
  getch();
  return 0;
}

Output:

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c program to swap two numbers using call by value

This program demonstrates how the two number are swapped. This swapping of variables are done in function 'swap' which we have defined. It also clears the concept, that how "call by value" is implemented. Lets see how this is implemented :

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int swap(int , int);                       // Declaration of function

main( )
{
int a = 10, b = 20 ;                               // call by value
swap(a,b);                                            // a and b are actual parameters
printf ( "\na = %d b = %d", a, b ) ;
getch();
}

int swap( int x, int y )                            // x and y are formal parameters
{
int t ;
t = x ;
x = y ;
y = t ;
printf ( "\nx = %d y = %d", x, y ) ;
}

Output :

Note that values of a and b remain unchanged even after
exchanging the values of x and y.

Lets have a look on second method of swapping the number using call by reference :
here is the link provided for :
Call by refrence

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c program to swap two numbers using call by reference

This is another program to swap two number using call by reference method. In call by reference the addresses of actual
arguments in the calling function are copied into formal arguments of the called function. This means that using these addresses we
would have an access to the actual arguments and hence we would be able to manipulate them.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void swap( int *x, int *y )                     // call by refrence
{
 int t ;
 t = *x ;
 *x = *y ;
 *y = t ;
 printf( "\nx = %d y = %d", *x,*y);
}

int main( )
{
 int a = 10, b = 20 ;           
 swap ( &a, &b ) ;                              // passing the address of values to be swapped
 printf ( "\na = %d b = %d", a, b ) ;
 getch();
}

output :

Note that this program manages to exchange the values of a and b
using their addresses stored in x and y.
Lets have a look on how call by value is done. Here is the program to swap two numbers using call by value :
Call by value

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c program to swap two numbers without using third variable

This is another important program to swap two numbers without using third variable. The bold letters indicated in this program
describe the concept of how swapping is made withou using any other variable. Below is the program which is implementing swaping of two numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

int main()
{
int a,b,temp;
printf("enter two values\n");
printf("\na = ");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("\tb = ");
scanf("%d",&b);
a=a+b;                       // swapping without using third variable
b=a-b;
a=a-b;
printf("\na = %d\tb = %d ", a, b);
getch();
}

Output :

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